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Cluster headache affects approximately 0.1-0.9% of the general population. This is much less frequent than the incidence of migraine headache which affects about 6% of the population. Cluster headache appears to be primarily a disorder of Caucasians, although it can occur in any racial group. It has been called a "headache of men", since many more men than women are affected. However, the pattern appears to be changing and, while in the 1960's, the ratio of men to women was approximately 6:1, it is now closer to 2:1.

Most people will develop cluster headache in their 20s or 30s although they can start at any age. It is rare for the first event to occur in childhood or adolescence. For reasons not well understood, women can develop their first ever cluster attack after 50 years of age. This does not typically happen in men. The incidence of cluster headache declines after the age of 50 and is rarely seen in adults over 70.